Biomass and essential oil production of basil at recirculation intervals of nutrient solutions prepared with treated domestic effluents

Considering the growing water crisis, using wastewater helps reduce the pressure on good-quality water consumption. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the growth, production, and essential oil content of Alfavaca Basilicão and Grecco a Palla basil genotypes with a DFT (deep flow technique) hydroponic system adapted to PVC tubes at different recirculation intervals of nutrient solutions prepared with treated domestic effluents. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with Alfavaca Basilicão and Grecco a Palla basil genotypes analyzed individually. It was a completely randomized design with four replicates in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme: two types of water (public-supply water and wastewater) and three recirculation intervals of nutrient solutions (2, 4, and 6 hours). At 35 days after transplanting, the study evaluated plant height, stem diameter, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, water consumption, water use efficiency, and essential oil content and yield. The types of water did not significantly influence the variables of growth, production, and essential oil content of the basil genotypes. Basil cultivation with the DFT system in tubes is technically feasible with nutrient solutions prepared with treated domestic effluents and recirculation every 2 and 6 hours for Grecco a Palla and Alfavaca Basilicão genotypes, respectively. The means of essential oil content were 1.6 and 1.7% (v/m) for Alfavaca Basilicão and Grecco a Palla genotypes, respectively.

Antibacterial potential of essential oils against planktonic and sessile cells of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhea cases in swine / Potencial antibacteriano de aceites esenciales contra células de Escherichia coli planctónicas y sésiles aisladas de diarrea porcina

Escherichia coli is a pathogen associated with infections in piglets in the post-weaning phase, its pathogenicity is related to the animal's susceptibility to bacterial enterotoxins. The objective of the present study was to determine the EOs activity against E. colistrain, in the form planktonic and sessile. Although the Disc-Diffusion tests to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, do not fully corroborate with the other analyzes of this study, it was noticed bacteria inhibition. The EOs were prepared at 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.0% for tests. The tested EOs were effective against E. coliplanktonic cells (p<0.05). As for the sessile cells, the most significant result was inhibition and 100% sessile cells at the concentration of 1.0% of Cymbopogon citratusEO. Although there was resistance in some treatments, the tested EOs demonstrated inhibition capacity, constituting promising alternatives for the control of E. coli, especially of planktonic cells.

Escherichia coli es un patógeno asociado con infecciones en lechones en la fase posterior al destete, su patogenicidad está relacionada con la susceptibilidad del animal a las enterotoxinas bacterianas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la actividad de contra E. coli, en la forma planctónico y sésil. Aunque las pruebas de difusión de disco para determinar la concentración inhibitoria mínima, no corroboran completamente con los otros análisis de este estudio, se observó inhibición de la bacteria. Las soluciones basadas en AE se prepararon al 0.4%, 0.8% y 1.0% para pruebas. Los AEs probados fueron efectivos contra las células planctónicas (p<0.05). En cuanto a las células sésiles, el resultado más significativo fue la inhibición y el 100% de las células sésiles a la concentración de 1,0% de Cymbopogon citratus. Aunque hubo resistencia en algunos tratamientos, los AEs probados demostraron capacidad de inhibición, constituyendo alternativas prometedoras para el control de E. coli, especialmente de células planctónicas.

Physiological and metabolic alterations in basil (Ocimum basilicum L) varieties under distinct soil water levels / Alteraciones fisiológicas y metabólicas en variedades de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L) bajo distintos niveles de agua del suelo

Basil (Ocimum basilicumL.) is a medicinal species used in several areas, such as food, medicines and cosmetics, and the understanding of its physiological behavior under environmental conditions is of paramount importance for the improvement of cultivation methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different water availability under physiological, biochemical and metabolic characteristics, in three distinct genotypes: 'Alfavaca basilicão', 'Gennaro de menta' and 'Grecco à palla', during two different phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive). It was found that the water deficit promotes physiological changes to tolerate water stress, and the studied genotypes have different routes to achieve this physiological tolerance, which culminates in a distinct accumulation of metabolites in plants, and can be considered interesting if the final product is the production of essential oils.

La albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) es una planta medicinal utilizada en varias áreas: alimenticia, medicinal e industria cosmética; es de suma importancia el entendimiento de su comportamiento fisiológico bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales con el fin de mejorar los procesos del cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes disponibilidades hídricas en las características fisiológicas, bioquímicas y metabólicas en tres genotipos de albahaca: "Alfavaca basilicão", "Gennaro de menta" y "Grecco à palla" durante dos etapas fenológicas (vegetativa y reproductiva). Fue encontrado que el déficit hídrico promueve cambios fisiológicos con el fin de tolerar el estrés hídrico. Los genotipos estudiados presentaron diferentes rutas para alcanzar esta tolerancia fisiológica, la cual culmina con distintas acumulaciones de metabolitos en las plantas, y puede ser considerado interesante si el producto final es la producción de aceites esenciales.

Antibacterial activity of Lippia alba, Myrcia lundiana and Ocimum basilicum essential oils against six food-spoiling pathogenic microorganisms / Actividad antibacteriana de los aceites esenciales de Lippia alba, Myrcia lundiana y Ocimum basilicum contra seis microorganismos patógenos que estropean los alimentos

The aim of this study was to undertake a screening experiment on essential oils (EO) of Myrcia lundiana, Ocimum basilicum and Lippia alba against six food-spoiling pathogenic bacteria. Seventy-two (72) samples were initially analyzed fo antimicrobial activity based on the agar diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were determined for the 12 samples which showed greatest antimicrobial potential in this stage. Two samples of L. alba, three samples of M. lundiana and seven samples of O. basilicum showed a MIC of 0.12-125 µL/mL for the six tested bacteria. Of these, the EO of O. basilicum cultivar Maria Bonita stood out with the lowest MIC and MBC. Thus, a mixture simulating this essential oil was prepared from commercial standards of the compounds (±)-linalool, geraniol and 1,8-cineole. Significantly higher MIC and MBC were detected in the simulation compared to the respective EO, suggesting a synergistic effect between compounds.

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un experimento de detección en aceites esenciales (AE) de Myrcia lundiana, Ocimum basilicum y Lippia alba contra seis bacterias patógenas que estropean los alimentos. Setenta y dos (72) muestras fueron analizadas inicialmente para la actividad antimicrobiana basada en la prueba de difusión en agar. Se determinaron las concentraciones mínimas inhibitoria (CMI) y bactericida (CMB) para las 12 muestras que mostraron el mayor potencial antimicrobiano en esta etapa. Dos muestras de L. alba, tres muestras de M. lundiana y siete muestras de O. basilicum mostraron un CMI de 0.12-125 µL/mL para las seis bacterias analizadas. De estos, el AE de O. basilicum cultivar Maria Bonita se destacó con el CMI y CMB más bajos. Por lo tanto, se preparó una mezcla que simula este aceite esencial a partir de los estándares comerciales de los compuestos de (±)-linalol, geraniol y 1,8-cineol. Se detectaron CMI y CMB significativamente más altos en la simulación en comparación con el AE respectivo, lo que sugiere un efecto sinérgico entre los compuestos.

Low-Temperature Extracts of Purple Blossoms of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L) Intervened Mitochondrial Translocation Contributes Prompted Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND: The preventive and therapeutic medical utilization of this plant is an age-long practice across the globe. This study aimed to validate the impact of dark purple blossoms of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) aqueous extract at low temperature (0 °C) mediated mitochondrial fission contributed to induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. METHODS: Fresh blossoms were extracted at low temperature (0 °C) using a watery solvent. Human MCF7 breast cancer cells were then treated with 3 separate fluctuated concentrations of 0, 50, 150 and 250 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. RESULTS: The outcomes demonstrated the presence of anthocyanins, anthraquinones, tannins, reducing sugars, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids and volatile oils and nonappearance of Terpinoids and alkaloids. Contrastingly, frail presence of steroids in basil blossoms aqueous concentrate was noted. In addition, the results from a phytochemical subjective examination of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract demonstrated that most of the credited natural impacts containing more remarkable contents of antioxidants and anticancer compounds in basil blossoms aqueous extract. Moreover, the restraint of glucose take-up was alleviated mediated by a dose-dependent manner in MCF7 cells with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract inducted for 24 h, resulting in mitochondrial fission. CONCLUSION: This is the first study that shows the impact of the aqueous extract of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms was extracted at low temperature (0°C/6 h) underlined high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds bearing more anticancer and antioxidant activities compared to another aqueous extract (using boiled water solvent) and alcoholic extracts.

Toxicity of the essential oil of basil cultivars and hybrids and its repellent effect on stored grain pests / Toxicidade do óleo essencial de cultivares e híbridos de manjericão e seu efeito repelente sobre pragas de grãos armazenados

Essential oils have emerged as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in the control of stored grain pests. The toxicity and repellency of the essential oils of four basil cultivars and three basil hybrids and the monoterpenes linalool, citral, and (E)-methyl cinnamate were evaluated in the stored grain pests Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophillus zeamais. The essential oils of the cultivar Genovese and the hybrid 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to C. maculatus. Conversely, the essential oils of the cultivar Sweet Dani and the hybrid 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to S. zeamais. Among the monoterpenes, (E)-methyl cinnamate was the most toxic to both pests, taking 0.14 and 0.34 µ L.mL-1 to kill 50% of the C. maculatus and S. zeamais populations, respectively. All essential oils from cultivars, hybrids, and monoterpenes were repellent to S. zeamais, except for (E)-methyl cinnamate. For C. maculatus, this effect was lower, being citral the most repellent compound. Results demonstrate the insecticidal potential of the essential oil of O. basilicum and its monoterpenes in the control of stored grain pests.

Os óleos essenciais surgem como alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos no controle das pragas de grãos armazenados. A toxicidade e a repelência dos óleos essenciais de quatro cultivares e três híbridos de manjericão e dos monoterpenos linalol, citral e (E)-cinamato de metila foram avaliadas nas pragas de grãos armazenados Callosobruchus maculatus e Sitophillus zeamais. Os óleos essenciais da cultivar Genovese e do híbrido 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' foram mais tóxicos para C. maculatus. Já para S. zeamais, os óleos essenciais das cultivar Sweet Dani e do híbrido 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentaram maior toxicidade. Dentre os monoterpenos, o (E)-cinamato de metila foi o mais tóxico para ambas as pragas. Foram necessários 0,14 e 0,34 µ L.mL-1 para matar 50% da população de C. maculatus e S. zeamais. Todos os óleos essenciais das cultivares, dos híbridos e dos monoterpenos foram repelentes a S. zeamais, com exceção do (E)-cinamato de metila. Já para C. maculatus, este efeito foi reduzido, sendo o citral o composto mais repelente. Nos resultados demonstram o potencial inseticida dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e seus monoterpenos para o controle de pragas de grãos armazenados.

Parasitoids diversity in organic Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum) associated with Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Marigold (Tagetes erecta ) / Diversidade de parasitoides em Pimentão Orgânico (Capsicum annuum) associado com Manjericão (Ocimum basilicum ) e Cravo Amarelo (Tagetes erecta)

Abstract The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important crops in Brazilian farming. Many insect are related to this crop, compromising the quantity and quality of the fruit, representing a production problem. Vegetable diversification is one of the main elements that can be managed for suppressing undesirable insect populations in organic production, once that supports the presence of natural enemies. The basil Ocimum basilicum L. and the marigold Tagetes erecta L. are attractive and nutritious plants for parasitoids, being important candidates for diversified crops. This study evaluated the parasitoids attracted by the association of basil and marigold to organic sweet pepper crop. The experiment comprised three treatments: a) sweet pepper monoculture; b) sweet pepper and basil intercropping; c) sweet pepper and marigold intercropping. Hymenopteran parasitoids were collected over 14 weeks. 268 individuals from 12 families and 41 taxa were collected. Sweet pepper monoculture, sweet pepper-basil intercropping, and sweet pepper-marigold intercropping hosted 40, 98, and 130 individuals and richness of 24, 24, and 23, respectively. Furthermore, the insects of greater abundance in the basil and marigold were different to those collected in the monoculture. The number of parasitoids increased in the associations of sweet pepper with basil and marigold, providing advantages in the use of vegetable diversification for the organic pepper crops management.

Resumo O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) é um dos vegetais mais importantes dentre os cultivados no Brasil. Muitos insetos pragas estão relacionados a esta cultura, comprometendo a quantidade e a qualidade do pimentão, tornando-se um grande problema para a produção. A diversificação vegetal é um dos principais componentes a serem manejados para suprimir as populações de pragas na produção orgânica, devido ao apoio a inimigos naturais das pragas. O manjericão ( Ocimum basilicum L.) e cravo amarelo (Tagetes erecta L.) são plantas atrativas e nutritivas para parasitoides, importantes candidatas em cultivos diversificados. Este trabalho avaliou os parasitoides atraídos pela associação de manjericão e cravo amarelo em cultivo de pimentão orgânico. O experimento foi composto por três tratamentos: a) monocultura de pimentão; B) pimentão consorciado com manjericão; C) pimentão consorciado com cravo amarelo. Foram coletadas amostras de parasitoides himenópteros durante 14 semanas. Os espécimes foram identificados até o menor nível de taxonomia possível. Foram coletados 268 indivíduos ao longo de 12 famílias e 41 táxons. Os tratamentos de monocultura, pimentão consorciado com manjericão e pimentão consorciado com cravo amarelo resultaram em 40, 98 e 130 indivíduos e riqueza de espécies de 24, 24 e 23, respectivamente. Além disso, os insetos de maior abundância coletados no manjericão e cravo amarelo, foram diferentes daqueles coletados na monocultura. Houve um aumento na abundância de parasitoides nas associações de pimentão com manjericão e cravo amarelo, proporcionando vantagens no uso da diversificação vegetal, podendo ser usada no manejo do pimentão orgânico.

Determinação da composição centesimal e capacidade antioxidante de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L. ) obtido em cultivo orgânico no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Determination of centesimal composition and antioxidant capacity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) obtained in organic cultivation in the State of Rio de Janeiro

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma erva com ampla aplicação na culinária e relevante valor nutricional. Neste contexto, este trabalho determinou a composição centesimal e a capacidade antioxidante de folhas de manjericão orgânico. Foi determinada a seguinte composição centesimal em base seca: proteínas 43,57 ± 0,35 g/100g, lipídios 17,58 ± 1,05 g/100g, carboidratos 17,14 ± 0,51 g/100g e cinzas 21,70 ± 0,08 g/100g. A capacidade antioxidante foi determinada pela quantificação dos fenólicos totais (18,10±0,17 mg AGE/g) e do percentual de desativação do radical DPPH (89,16%). Teores de clorofila e carotenoides totais também foram quantificados. Os resultados apontam o potencial nutricional do manjericão analisado, onde a presença de compostos bioativos pode caracterizar a atividade antioxidante observada.

Atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de diferentes especiarias / Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of different spices

As especiarias são utilizadas na alimentação, conferindo sabor e conservação prolongada aos alimentos, pois apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas provenientes dos óleos essenciais de sua constituição. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de cravo, louro, manjericão, noz moscada e orégano frente a seis bactérias patogênicas e deteriorantes por meio da técnica de difusão em poços e determinação das Concentrações Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Bactericida Mínima (CBM). O óleo essencial de orégano evidenciou forte atividade antibacteriana (CIM 50 - 800 μg.mL-1), seguido do cravo (CIM 800 - 3200 μg.mL-1), com atividade moderada para todos os microrganismos. Os outros óleos apresentaram baixa ação (CIM 400 - 3200 μg.mL-1), não apresentando atividade sobre todos as bactérias. Desta forma os óleos essenciais de cravo e orégano apresentaram melhor atividade antibacteriana e se apresentam como promissores para a aplicação e uso em alimentos.

Fertilization and cropping systems: performance and oil content of basil varieties / Fertilização e sistemas de cultivo: desempenho e teor de óleo de variedades de manjericão

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic and medicinal crop that produces metabolites rich in chemical constituents for various purposes. The composition of the essential oil is variable due to external factors during production, such as fertilization and the environment, and the oil concentration may vary even among the genotypes of a species. For sweet basil mores studies are needed to clarify understanding about the biomass and essential oil yield and nutrient management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass and essential oil yield of basil varieties with organo-mineral fertilizer under different agricultural systems. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (DBC), with three replications, in a 2X4 factorial scheme, with two varieties (Maria Bonita and Genovese) and four fertilizations (50 and 100% organo-mineral, one mineral source and one organic source). Two areas were carried out simultaneously (greenhouse and field) to evaluate plant height, fresh biomass, essential oil content, yield and chemical composition. Results indicate that Genovese showed superior height and biomass yield when mineral or organic fertilizer was used at the greenhouse. Organo-mineral and organic fertilizers provided significantly better results of biomass yield in both varieties at field cultivation. The oil content was higher in the field, reflecting higher oil yields in field treatments in comparison to greenhouse. We concluded that the environment of cultivation and the way fertilizer sources release the nutrients can be determinan factors in the performance of basil plants; without protected cultivation, the content of essential oil is higher and the organo-mineral fertilizer can provide better nutrient supply to the plants mainly during rainy season.

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma cultura aromática e medicinal que produzmetabolitos ricos em constituintes químicos para vários fins. A composição do óleo essencial é variável com fatores externos durante a produção, como fertilização e meio ambiente, podendo variar até mesmo entre os genótipos de uma espécie. Para melhor compreensão sobre o rendimento de biomassa e óleo essencial e manejo de nutrientes no cultivo de manjericão são necessários mais estudos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o rendimento de biomassa e óleo essencial de variedades de manjericão com fertilizante organomineral em diferentes sistemas agrícolas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC), com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2X4, com duas variedades (Maria Bonita e Genovese) e quatro fertilizações (50 e 100% organomineral, uma fonte mineral e uma fonte orgânica). Duas áreas foram realizadas simultaneamente (estufa e campo) para avaliar a altura da planta, biomassa fresca, teor de óleo essencial, rendimento e composição química. Os resultados indicam que Genovese apresentou altura e rendimento de biomassa superior quando o fertilizante mineral ou orgânico foi utilizado na estufa. Os fertilizantes organominerais e orgânicos proporcionaram resultados significativamente melhores do rendimento de biomassa em ambas as variedades no cultivo de campo. O teor de óleo foi maior no campo, refletindo maiores rendimentos de óleo em tratamentos de campo em comparação com estufa. Concluímos que o ambiente de cultivo e a forma como as fontes de fertilizantes liberam os nutrientes podem ser fatores determinantes no desempenho das plantas de manjericão; sem cultivo protegido, o teor de óleo essencial é maior e o fertilizante organomineral pode fornecer um melhor suprimento de nutrientes para as plantas principalmente durante a estação chuvosa.

Chemical characterization of the essential oil from leaves of basil genotypes cultivated in different seasons / Caracterización química del aceite esencial de hojas genotipos de albahaca cultivados en diferentes estaciones del año

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and chemical composition of the essential oil the leaves of basil cultivars and hybrids cultivated in different cropping seasons: dry season and rainy season. The variables evaluated were the content and composition of essential oils in the two seasons. The essential oil content ranged from 0.66% to 3.21% in the dry season and from 0.80% to 4.20% in the rainy season. The major compounds found among the genotypes were linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, geranial, eugenol, and methyl (E)- cinnamate, defining the formation of five groups in each season, classified in the following chemotypes: methyl chavicol (Group 1), citral (neral+geranial) (Group 2), methyl cinnamate (Group 3), linalool (Group 4), and intermediate linalool (Group 5). All the traits evaluated had heritability (h ) greater than 95% and high CVg/CVe ratio values. The cropping season affected the content and chemical compositions of basil essential oil.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la concentración y composición química del aceite esencial las hojas de cultivares de albahaca e híbridos cultivados en diferentes temporadas de cultivo: estación seca y estación lluviosa. Las variables evaluadas fueron la contenido y la composición de los aceites esenciales en las dos estaciones. La contenido de aceite esencial varió de 0.66% a 3.21% en la estación seca y de 0.80% a 4.20% en la estación lluviosa. Los principales compuestos encontrados entre los genotipos fueron linalool, metilchavicol, neral, geranial, eugenol y metil (E)-cinamato, definiendo la formación de cinco grupos en cada estación, clasificados en los siguientes quimiotipos: metil chavicol (Grupo 1), citral (neral + geranial) (Grupo 2), cinamato de metilo (Grupo 3), linalool (Grupo 4) y linalol intermedio (Grupo 5). Todos los rasgos evaluados mostraron una heredabilidad (h ) mayor que el 95% y altos valores de relación CVg/CVe. La temporada de cultivo afectó la contenido y las composiciones químicas del aceite esencial de albahaca.

Central venous disease in hemodialysis patients

Central venous disease (CVD) is difficult to treat and often resistant to treatment. In CVD, hemodialysis vascular access should sometimes be abandoned, or in serious cases, the patient's life may be threatened. Therefore, prevention is ideal. However, as the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased steadily with population aging, CKD patients with a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) are encountered frequently. PICCs can cause CVD, and the basilic vein, which is regarded as the important last option for native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, is destroyed frequently after its use as the entry site of PICC. The most well-established risk factors for CVD are a history of central venous catheter (CVC) insertion and its duration of use. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of CVD, catheterization in the central vein (CV) should be minimized, along with its duration of use. In this review, we will first explain the basic territories of the CV and introduce its pathophysiology, clinical features, and advanced treatment options. Finally, we will emphasize prevention of CVD.

Inhibitory Effects of β-caryophyllene on Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study / 대한소화기병학회잡지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections, which cause a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, are common in South Korea. Recent reports have shown a decline in the H. pylori eradication rates. β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that occurs in a wide range of plant species, such as cloves, basil, and cinnamon. β-caryophyllene has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of β-caryophyllene on H. pylori and its potential role as an alternative gastrointestinal drug. METHODS: This 8-week, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial categorized subjects into a β-caryophyllene group (33 patients who received 126 mg/day of β-caryophyllene) and a placebo group (33 patients who received a placebo preparation). The inflammation level of H. pylori infiltration and the eradication rates were evaluated endoscopically and with the urea breath test (UBT) in both groups before and after administering the medication. The serum cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin [IL]-1β and IL-6) were compared in both groups before and after administering the medication. RESULTS: Complete eradication was not observed in either group. Moreover, there was no significant change in the UBT and updated Sydney score. On the other hand, the β-caryophyllene group showed significant improvement in nausea (p=0.025) and epigastric pain (p=0.018), as well as a decrease in the serum IL-1β levels (p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: β-caryophyllene improves dyspepsia symptoms and can be considered a useful supplementary treatment for gastrointestinal disease.

Inhibitory Effects of β-caryophyllene on Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections, which cause a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, are common in South Korea. Recent reports have shown a decline in the H. pylori eradication rates. β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that occurs in a wide range of plant species, such as cloves, basil, and cinnamon. β-caryophyllene has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of β-caryophyllene on H. pylori and its potential role as an alternative gastrointestinal drug.METHODS: This 8-week, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial categorized subjects into a β-caryophyllene group (33 patients who received 126 mg/day of β-caryophyllene) and a placebo group (33 patients who received a placebo preparation). The inflammation level of H. pylori infiltration and the eradication rates were evaluated endoscopically and with the urea breath test (UBT) in both groups before and after administering the medication. The serum cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin [IL]-1β and IL-6) were compared in both groups before and after administering the medication.RESULTS: Complete eradication was not observed in either group. Moreover, there was no significant change in the UBT and updated Sydney score. On the other hand, the β-caryophyllene group showed significant improvement in nausea (p=0.025) and epigastric pain (p=0.018), as well as a decrease in the serum IL-1β levels (p=0.038).CONCLUSIONS: β-caryophyllene improves dyspepsia symptoms and can be considered a useful supplementary treatment for gastrointestinal disease.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of basil hybrids and cultivars / Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de híbridos e cultivares de manjericão

This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic performance of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) hybrids and cultivars, grown in four crop years, in the municipality of São Cristóvão, state of Sergipe. The following variables were evaluated: dry weight of aerial part; essential oil content and yield; and the contents of linalool, 1,8-cineol, neral, geranial, and methyl cinnamate. Five hybrids ('Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon', and 'Sweet Dani' x 'Genovese') and four parent cultivars ('Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani', 'Genovese', and 'Cinnamon') of basil were evaluated. The essential oils were obtained from dried leaves by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC/MS-FID. Means were clustered, and the genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated. Linalool was the main compound of most genotypes. Hybrids 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon', and 'Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita' had methyl cinnamate (41.93 %), methyl cinnamate (60.15 %), geranial (15.20 %), and neral (11.46 %), respectively, as major compounds. The sources of variation were significant at the 1 % probability level, according to the F tests for all variables, confirming the differences in the performance of genotypes in the different years. Most of the variation among the studied variables resulted from the genetic variation.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a performance fenotípica e genotípica de híbridos e cultivares de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), cultivados em quatro anos agrícolas no município de São Cristóvão, Estado de Sergipe. Foram avaliados os caracteres: massa seca de parte aérea; teor de óleo essencial; rendimento de óleo essencial; linalol; 1,8-cineol; neral; geranial e (E)-cinamato de metila para cinco híbridos de manjericão ('Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon' and 'Sweet Dani' x 'Genovese') e quatro cultivares ('Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani', 'Genovese' e 'Cinnamon'). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos de folhas secas por hidrodestilação. A composição química dos óleos essenciais foi determinada por CG/EM-DIC. Foi realizado o agrupamento das médias e foram estimados parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos. Linalol foi o composto majoritário do óleo essencial da maioria dos genótipos. Os híbridos 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon' e 'Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentaram também outros compostos majoritários, (E)-cinamato de metila (41,93 %); (E)-cinamato de metila (60,15 %); geranial (15,20 %) e neral (11,46 %); respectivamente. As fontes de variação foram significativas no nível de probabilidade de 1% de acordo com os testes F para todas as variáveis, o que confirma as diferenças do desempenho dos genótipos nos diferentes anos. A maior parte da variação encontrada para os caracteres estudados é determinada pela variação genética dos genótipos.

Cropping season affect the performance of basil cultivars and hybrids / Época de plantio afeta o desempenho de cultivares e híbridos de manjericão

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of basil cultivars and hybrids in two cropping seasons. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design, with three replications. Twenty-four basil genotypes were tested (20 commercial cultivars and four hybrids), in the dry season (oct.-dec./2015) and in the rainy season (apr.-jun./2016). The evaluated variables were: plant height (cm plant-1), canopy width (cm plant-1), leaf dry weight (g plant-1), and essential oil yield (mL plant-1). The data of each period were subject to analysis of variance and the means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test (p0.05). The individual and joint analyses of variance were performed for the experiments in both seasons. The estimated parameters were: coefficient of genetic variation (CVg), coefficient of environmental variation (CVe), CVg/CVe ratio, and heritability (h2). Leaf dry weight values per plant ranged from 6.23 to 75.00 g plant-1 (dry season) and from 9.17 to 31.34 g plant-1 (rainy season). The hybrid Cinnamon x Maria Bonita (1.50 mL plant-1) and the cultivar Mrs. Burns (1.44 mL plant-1) presented higher essential oil yield in the dry season. All the evaluated variables showed high heritability (h2) (> 50%) and CVg/CVe ratio (> 1.0), in both cropping seasons, indicating a favorable condition for selection. The cropping season influences the biomass and essential oil yield of basil.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de cultivares e híbridos de manjericão em duas épocas de plantio. Para o ensaio, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram avaliados 24 genótipos de manjericão, sendo 20 cultivares comerciais e quatro híbridos cultivados na época seca (out.-dez./2015) e chuvosa (abr.-jun./2016). As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura de planta (cm planta-1), largura da copa (cm planta-1), massa seca de folhas (g planta-1) e rendimento (mL planta-1) de óleo essencial. Os dados de cada época foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste Scott-Knott (p0,05). Realizou-se a análise de variância individual e conjunta para os experimentos das duas épocas. Foram estimados os seguintes parâmetros: coeficiente de variação genética (CVg), coeficiente de variação ambiental (CVe), razão CVg/CVe e a herdabilidade (h2). As médias deferiram significativamente em relação à época de plantio para a maioria das cultivares. Os valores de massa seca de folha variaram de 6,23 a 75,00 g planta-1 (época seca) e 9,17 a 31,34 g planta-1 (época chuvosa). O híbrido Cinnamon x Maria Bonita (1,50 mL planta-1) e a cultivar Mrs. Burns (1,44 mL planta-1) apresentaram maior rendimento de óleo essencial na época seca. Na época chuvosa foi de 1,29 mL planta-1 (Mrs. Burns). Todos os caracteres avaliados apresentaram alta herdabilidade (h2) (>50%) e razão CVg/CVe (>1,0), nas duas épocas, indicando condição favorável para seleção em um programa de melhoramento. A época de plantio influencia a produção de biomassa e óleo essencial de manjericão.

Genotoxicity and antioxidant activity of spices and herbs used in brazilian cuisine / Genotoxicidade e atividade antioxidante de especiarias e ervas utilizadas na culinária brasileira

Spices are natural plant products, have been used not only as flavoring and coloring agents, but also as food preservatives and folk medicines throughout the world for thousands of years. Many spices also have been recognized by having both digestive stimulant and carminative actions and also antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anti-carcinogenic potential. Antioxidant and genotoxic potential of species commonly used in Brazil was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different methods, including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power (FRAP), iron ion chelating power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), NO radical scavenging, and oxidative hemolysis inhibition. Furthermore, the antigenotoxic activity was evaluated through mitotic index and chromosome aberration in Allium cepa roots. Quantification of total phenols and flavonoids carried out. The results with the Ocimum basilicum spices in the DPPH test showed activity (82.01%), FRAP (321.12 uM ET and iron chelating activity (94.18) and for the Cinnamomum zeylanicum spice in the TBARS test (18.52%) evaluated by different methods and mechanisms of inactivation of free radicals and according to the evaluation of genotoxicity by the Allium cepa test the spices do not present genotoxic effects.

As especiarias são produtos vegetais naturais, que foram utilizados não só como agentes aromatizantes e colorantes, mas também como conservantes de alimentos e medicamentos populares em todo o mundo há milhares de anos. Muitas especiarias também foram reconhecidas por ter estimulantes digestivos e ações carminativas e também potencial antimicrobiano, anti-inflamatório, antimutagênico e anticarcinogênico. O potencial antioxidante e genotóxico das espécies comumente utilizadas no Brasil foi avaliado. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada utilizando diferentes métodos, incluindo a atividade de eliminação de radicais DPPH, poder de redução férrica (FRAP), poder quelante de íons de ferro, inibição da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), eliminação de radicais NO e inibição da hemólise oxidativa. Além disso, a atividade antigenotóxica foi avaliada através do índice mitótico e aberração cromossômica nas raízes do Allium cepa. Quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides realizados. Os resultados mostraram que as especiarias (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum vulgare, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale e Ocimum basilicum) apresentaram atividade antioxidante avaliada por diferentes métodos e mecanismos de inativação de radicais livres e de acordo com a avaliação de genotoxicidade pelo teste Allium cepa as especiarias não apresentam efeitos genotóxicos.

Inheritance study of yield components and essential oil constituents in linool type basil / Estudo da herança do rendimento e constituintes químicos do óleo essencial de manjericão tipo linalol

The aim of this study was to conduct an inheritance study for the agronomic and chemical characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) hybrid 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita'. F1 seeds were obtained from a cross of P1 (Genovese) x P2 (Maria Bonita). F2 seeds were obtained from selfing five F1 plants. In this experiment, a randomized block design with three replications was used. Each replication consisted of four treatments (generations). Seven plants from each P1, P2 and F1 generation and 21 plants from the F2 generation were grown for each replication. The following characteristics were evaluated at full bloom: plant height, leaf dry weight, essential oil content and yield in the leaves and the main essential oil chemical constituent concentrations in each plant. The characteristics plant height, essential oil yield and linalool content are controlled by more than one major gene, and these genes present additive and dominant effects. High heritability was observed for the characteristics plant height, leaf dry weight and content of linalool and 1,8-cineole. The hybrid 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' presented a plant height and dry leaf weight heterosis of 32.31% and 131.54%, respectively.

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um estudo de herança para as características agronômicas e químicas de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) híbrido 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita'. Sementes F1 foram obtidos a partir de um cruzamento de P1 (Genovese) x P2 (Maria Bonita). Sementes F2 foram obtidas a partir de autopolinização cinco plantas F1. Neste experimento, foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Cada repetição foi constituída por quatro tratamentos (gerações). Sete plantas de cada P1, P2 e geração F1 e 21 plantas da F2 foram cultivadas para cada repetição. As seguintes características foram avaliadas em plena floração: altura da planta, folha seca, teor de óleo essencial e de rendimento nas folhas e as principais concentrações essenciais constituintes químicos do óleo em cada planta. A altura características da planta, o teor de óleo essencial e rendimento de linalol são controlados por mais do que um gene principal, e estes genes presentes efeitos aditivos e dominantes. Foi observada alta herdabilidade para as características altura da planta, folha de peso seco e conteúdo de linalol e 1,8-cineol. O híbrido 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentou altura de planta e peso da heterose seca de 32,31% e 131,54%, respectivamente.

Obtención de un ingrediente activo microencapsulado con propiedades antiinflamatorias a partir de 8 plantas medicinales / Obtaining a microencapsulated active ingredient with anti-inflammatory properties from 8 medicinal plants

El empleo de plantas medicinales por su gran disponibilidad y variedad de principios activos con importancia farmacológica, ha sido fuente de investigación para avances científicos. El presente estudio se centró en la obtención de un ingrediente activo antiinflamatorio a partir de los extractos etanólicos de 8 plantas medicinales: Cymbopogon citratus, Mentha sativa L, Cynara scolymus L, Zingiber officinale L, Ocimum basilicum L, Cinnamomum verum J y Camellia sinensis. Las mejores condiciones para el proceso de extracción de los metabolitos vegetales de las plantas empleadas se establecieron a partir de un diseño factorial 22, utilizando dos variables de estudio, concentración del disolvente etanol (ETOH) y tiempo de extracción, empleando la tecnología de spray drying se microencapsularon los extractos etanólicos. Para la determinación de la actividad antiinflamatoria, se sometió a pruebas in vitro mediante el método de estabilización de membrana de los eritrocitos humanos en comparación con el antiinflamatorio testigo utilizado la aspirina. Identificando que el mayor porcentaje de actividad antiinflamatoria lo posee el microencapsulado de la mezcla de las 8 plantas medicinales con un valor de 76,96 %. A partir de espectrofotometría ultravioleta-visible, se cuantificaron dos de los componentes fitoquímicos que le dan la capacidad antiinflamatoria al microencapsulado, polifenoles totales 93,50 ± 1,78 mg AG/g microencapsulado y flavonoides totales 54,80 ± 8,61 mg quercetina/g microencapsulado. Esta investigación mostró un efecto sinérgico de la mezcla de las 8 plantas debido a que se potenció la actividad de los principios activos que les dan la capacidad antiinflamatoria (polifenoles y flavonoides). (AU)

Efficiency of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum and Cymbopogum flexuosus in the sedation and anaesthesia of Nile tilapia juveniles

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the sedative and anaesthetic effect of the essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum) (EOOB) and lemongrass (Cymbopogum flexuosus) (EOCF) in Nile tilapia juveniles. The fish were transferred to aquaria containing different concentrations of each essential oil: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 μL L-1. The time of sedation ranged from 7 to 31 seconds and the recommended concentration was 10 or 25 μL L-1 for both essential oils. The best times for anaesthesia and recovery were found for the concentrations of 400 μL L-1 for EOOB (135.2 and 199.1 seconds, respectively) and 600 μL L-1 for EOCF (327.1 and 374.8 seconds, respectively). In conclusion, we recommend the use of EOOB and EOCF for the sedation and anaesthesia of Nile tilapia at concentrations of 10-25 (for both), 400 and 600 μL L-1, respectively.